Does every odd prime determine a prime in an interval of length $\sqrt{p-2}$?
问题内容
Let $p \geq 3$ be an odd prime. I would like to know whether the following conjecture is true.
Conjecture
For every odd prime $p \geq 3$, there exist integers $a$ and $b$ such that:
- $a+b+3$ is prime;
- $4a+2b+3=p$
- $\gcd(a,b,3)=1$
- $b^2\leq 4a$
- $a\geq 1$.
Here, $\mathbb{P}$ denotes the set of prime numbers.
For example: all $$(a,b,p) \in \{(4,-4,3),(1,-1,5),(2,-2,7),(2,0,11)\}$$
work.
In each case, all five conditions are satisfied.
Equivalent formulation as a prime in a short interval
Set
$$ q:=a+b+3. $$
Then $q$ is prime. Solving the system
$$ q=a+b+3 $$
and
$$ p=4a+2b+3 $$
for $a$ and $b$, we obtain
$$ a=\frac{p-2q+3}{2} $$
and
$$ b=\frac{4q-p-9}{2}. $$
Since $p$ and $q$ are odd primes, both $a$ and $b$ are integers.
The inequality
$$ b^2\leq 4a $$
is equivalent to
$$ \left(\frac{4q-p-9}{2}\right)^2 \leq 4\left(\frac{p-2q+3}{2}\right). $$
Multiplying by $4$ gives
$$ \left(4q-p-9\right)^2 \leq 8\left(p-2q+3\right). $$
After simplifying, this becomes
$$ \left(4q-p-7\right)^2 \leq 4\left(p-2\right). $$
Therefore,
$$ -2\sqrt{p-2} \leq 4q-p-7 \leq 2\sqrt{p-2}. $$
Equivalently,
$$ \frac{p+7-2\sqrt{p-2}}{4} \leq q \leq \frac{p+7+2\sqrt{p-2}}{4}. $$
Define
$$ L(p):= \frac{p+7-2\sqrt{p-2}}{4} $$
and
$$ U(p):= \frac{p+7+2\sqrt{p-2}}{4}. $$
The length of this interval is
$$ U(p)-L(p)=\sqrt{p-2}, $$
and its midpoint is
$$ \frac{p+7}{4}. $$
Thus, the conjecture is essentially equivalent to the following statement:
For every odd prime $p \geq 3$, the interval
$$ \left[ \frac{p+7-2\sqrt{p-2}}{4}, \frac{p+7+2\sqrt{p-2}}{4} \right] $$ contains a prime.
For sufficiently large $p$, the condition $a\geq 1$ is automatic. Indeed,
$$ a=\frac{p-2q+3}{2}\geq 1 $$
is equivalent to
$$ q\leq \frac{p+1}{2}. $$
For $p\geq 11$, one has
$$ U(p)\leq \frac{p+1}{2}, $$
so every prime $q\in[L(p),U(p)]$ automatically gives $a\geq 1$. The cases $p=3,5,7$ can be checked directly.
The condition
$$ \gcd(a,b,3)=1 $$
is also automatic. If $3\mid a$ and $3\mid b$, then
$$ p=4a+2b+3 $$
and
$$ q=a+b+3 $$
would both be divisible by $3$. Since both are prime, this would force
$$ p=q=3. $$
But then
$$ a+b=0 $$
and
$$ 4a+2b=0. $$
Subtracting twice the first equation from the second gives
$$ 2a=0, $$
so $a=0$, contradicting $a\geq 1$.
Heuristic
The interval is centered near $p/4$ and has length approximately $\sqrt{p}$. The prime number theorem therefore suggests that the expected number of primes in the interval is approximately
$$ \frac{\sqrt{p}}{\log p}, $$
which tends to infinity as $p\to\infty$.
Cramér's conjecture would imply that every sufficiently large interval of this form contains a prime because
$$ \left(\log x\right)^2=o\left(\sqrt{x}\right). $$
However, known unconditional bounds for primes in short intervals do not appear to guarantee a prime in every interval of length comparable to $\sqrt{x}$.
Questions
Is this conjecture already known?
Can one prove unconditionally that the interval
$$ [L(p),U(p)] $$
contains a prime for every odd prime $p$?
Does the fact that $p$ itself is prime make the problem easier than the general problem of finding primes in every interval of length comparable to $\sqrt{x}$?
Does this conjecture follow from a standard conjecture weaker than Cramér's conjecture?
Important: What it needs to be proven is that for all primes $p \geq 3$ the interval $[L(p), U(p)]$ contains at least one prime. However, I proved that there are infinitely many primes $p \geq 3$ such that the interval contains at least one prime in $[L(p), U(p)]$.
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